abuse include the banning of phone, library, and canteen access as well as verbal abuse, beating, and shackling24. Health and Hygiene CondiGons vary widely between prisons, with allegaGons of overcrowding, inadequate sanitaGon, lack of venGlaGon, poor quality food and water, and limited access to medical care25. There are also reports of poor temperature control, with broken air condiGoners resulGng in dangerous levels of heat. There is some access to medical care in most of the prisons, however, non-ciGzens with HIV are rouGnely denied anG-retroviral treatment or held in segregated units or solitary confinement26. Other people also report facing delays in geZng medical treatment, such as insulin for diabetes, or being denied them outright27. There are also no Opioid SubsGtuGon Treatment or Needle and Syringe Programmes in any of the Emirates’ prisons28. It is unclear if there is access to psychological care, and at least one person sentenced to death has commiOed suicide in prison, with others having aOempted suicide29. In al-Wathba specifically, there are an array of troubling condiGons. Upon arrival, people are subjected to invasive body searches and their heads are shaved and blood samples are taken.30 Overcrowding is a significant problem, with many sleeping without beds. People who successfully obtain bedding oMen find it to be dirty and of poor quality. The only way to wash bedding is in the area designated for showers. The prison is unhygienic, with dirty toilets and walls and the presence of insects. OMen there is no running water, resulGng in foul smells. To clean cells, people are forced to use their own soap. There is also poor venGlaGon and rouGnely broken air condiGoning. The unhygienic condiGons and the lack of clean water have caused many diseases to occur and to spread, including skin condiGons, kidney stones, and tooth decay. The clinic consists of three nurses and a general pracGGoner, who are present during ‘official working hours.’ Once a week there is also a denGst and dermatologist. Healthcare is considered inadequate, and it is unusual for a prisoner to be able to see the doctor. There is rarely any medical follow up. For those with ‘security cases’, there are only limited Gmes when they can go to the clinic, if at all. Many people have experienced medical negligence, including those with cancer. In addiGon to unhygienic condiGons and inadequate medical care, there is also limited access to outdoor space for exercise and sun exposure as well as poor food quality and limited canteen access—condiGons shared by other prisons in the United Arab Emirates31. In 2018, the International Centre for Justice and Human Rights (ICJHR) called on UAE authorities to allow the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture to visit the women's block in 24 Ibid. Interna@onal Campaign for Freedom in the United Arab Emirates, hEps://www.icfuae.org.uk/research-andpublica@ons/report-prison-condi@ons-united-arab-emirates. 26 Human Rights Watch, hEps://www.hrw.org/news/2019/11/04/uae-prisoners-denied-lifesaving-hivtreatment. 27 Ibid n 20. 28 Harm Reduc@on Interna@onal, hEps://www.hri.global/files/2020/10/26/Global_State_HRI_2020_2_4_Middle_East_FA_WEB.pdf. 29 Ibid n 23. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid. 25