Prisoners held in one room in Roumieh Central Prison, 2023. © Amnesty International recently strengthened calls for the death sentence to be enforced. Yet, since 1997, a strong abolitionist movement has also emerged in the country. Nevertheless, in today's particularly volatile political climate, marked by the unprecedented popular uprising in 2019 and the devastating explosion in the port of Beirut, it is not clear what the future will hold in relation to the death penalty in Lebanon. Foreign Nationals Many foreign nationals work in Lebanon under the exploitative kafala system. As elsewhere in the region, foreign nationals often face greater barriers accessing justice. In 2020, ECPM reported that at least 20 foreign nationals had been sentenced to death and imprisoned, the majority for murder charges. Most of the prisoners (13 out of 20) were Syrian nationals, the others were Sri Lankan (3), Palestinian (2), Egyptian (1) and Iraqi (1). The Sri Lankan prisoners were all women, migrant domestic workers with restricted access to legal support. Although Lebanon has rati ed the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, which grants consular authorities the right to legally represent their nationals, 11 of the 20 foreign prisoners sentenced to death, have not had contact with their consulate, as reported by ECPM. Death Penalty Research Unit, University of Oxford For more research see: fi foreign-nationals.uwazi.io or tinyurl.com/mappingdeathrow