Conditions of Detention Amnesty International has also documented accusations of torture and other forms of coercion by the Qatari authorities. Many of these allegations have come from non-Qatari nationals. For example, Ronaldo Lopez Ulep, a former civilian employee of the Qatari Air Force and a Filipino national, was convicted of espionage in 2014 and sentenced to life in prison. Following his arrest, he spent four years in solitary con nement and was only allowed to leave his cell for 15 minutes two to three times a week. He In 2021, Human Rights Watch reported on the deteriorating conditions at Doha Central Prison due to a Covid-19 outbreak described by several foreign detainees. This included a worsening in already overcrowded facilities and unsanitary conditions following the isolation of a block where an outbreak was suspected. The authorities had moved some prisoners from this block to other parts of the prison before the isolation, increasing the risk of the virus spreading. In addition, prisoners' access to primary health care was reportedly further restricted during this period, putting elderly prisoners and those with underlying health problems at even greater risk of contracting the virus. Detainees also reported a lack of toilets and inadequate sanitation. Qatar's Government Communications Of ce later con rmed the presence of the virus in the central prison while denying an ‘outbreak’. Acknowledgements With special thanks to the following organisations and individuals who lent their considerable assistance and expertise towards this research in Qatar: P39A, Lama Karamé, Luise Eder, among others. Death Penalty Research Unit, University of Oxford For more research see: foreign-nationals.uwazi.io or tinyurl.com/mappingdeathrow fi fi fi 3