Within this system, it is foreign nationals who are disproportionately at risk of death sentencing and execution, particularly poorer migrant workers. At least 90 of the 184 individuals (49%) who were executed in 2019 were foreign nationals, and nationals of at least 29 countries are known to have been executed in the past. Among the countries whose nationals have been most severely affected is Pakistan, with many more Pakistanis reportedly executed in Saudi Arabia in the past than any other foreign nationality. The NGO Justice Project Pakistan (JPP) has documented the execution of Pakistani citizens following trials which were solely in Arabic, with no translation. JPP have detailed further fair trial issues faced by many foreign nationals in the country, such as lack of access to legal representation and pressure to sign ‘confessions’. It has been noted that Saudi of cials rarely meet their obligation under the Vienna Convention to inform consular of cials of the detention of foreign nationals. In fact, foreign nationals are often executed without rst informing their consulates. NGOs have also stated that they are denied access to prisons to support detainees or offer legal representation. Tuti Tursilawati In 2009, 25-year-old Tuti Tursilawati from West Java, Indonesia, left her fouryearold son to travel to Saudi Arabia to work as a maid in order to support her family. According to her account, her employer, a Saudi man, regularly sexually abused her while she lived and worked in his home. One day in May 2010, when her employer tried to rape her again, Tuti tried to defend herself with a stick and hit him, causing his death. She ed the house and tried to get away to safety. Instead, she was found by a group of nine men who gang raped her. She was arrested by the police one week after her employer died and was sentenced to death for his murder in 2011, despite the circumstances. After eight years in prison, Tuti was beheaded on 29 October 2018. The Indonesian consulate were not even informed of her execution date until after she was executed. Just one week before, Saudi Arabia’s foreign minister Adel al-Jubeir had met with the Indonesian foreign minister Retno Marsudi to discuss migrant workers’ rights in the country, including a mandatory consular noti cation requirement before any planned executions. Zam Zam Boreek Zamzam was working in Saudi Arabia as a maid. She was accused of killing her employer’s 6-year-old daughter Lamis and burying her body in the garden. Zamzam ‘confessed’ to the crime stating that she did it because her employer abused her. Her case fuelled an anti-Ethiopian uprising in Saudi Arabia, with many Ethiopian maids raped and killed in retaliation. Ethiopia was forced to repatriate 100,000 workers after the violent period. Zamzam was executed on 26 September fl fi fi 2016 at the age of 26. fi fi Foreign Nationals on Death Row