In August 2021, UNAMI released a report revealing interviews with more than 200 death row detainees, over half of whom shared ‘credible allegations of torture’ (Human Rights Watch 2021). These interviews further revealed how detainees were frequently not allowed to see a judge, refused access to a lawyer, and families of detainees were often not noti ed or able to communicate with those detained. Nasiriyah Central Prison, commonly known as al-Hoot prison, where many death row prisoners are held, under terrible conditions Foreign Nationals Foreign nationals are frequently sentenced to death in Iraq, often for terrorism, drug-related crimes, or smuggling artefacts. Organisations such as Human Rights Watch have criticised Iraq for carrying out trials without suf cient evidence or based on confessions obtained under torture. Torture of prisoners in Iraq is a common complaint. Many dual nationals are also sentenced to death in Iraq for terrorism offences, such as being a member of ISIS. This is often after being transferred into Iraqi territory by US forces, following capture elsewhere in the region. This affects a large number of EU nationals as well as those from other parts of the Middle East. Drug Offences Although no executions for drug offences have been carried out in the past ve years, Iraq continues to hand out death sentences for drug offences. In June 2023, an Iraqi court sentenced eight people to death for possession of opium, two of whom were foreign nationals. Acknowledgements With special thanks to Lama Karamé and Francesca Rigg for their assistance with this research in Iraq. Death Penalty Research Unit, University of Oxford For more research see: fi fi fi foreign-nationals.uwazi.io or tinyurl.com/mappingdeathrow