ANNUAL REPORT 2020-21 17 Mahmoud Cherif Bassiouni, ‘Death as a Penalty in the Shari’ā’ in Peter Hodgkinson and William Schabas (eds) Capital Punishment: Strategies for Abolition (CUP 2004) 174, 176, 185. 18 Mumisa, Sharia Law and the Death Penalty (n 7) 15-17. 19 ibid 16. 20 Articles 279, 281 and 282 of the Islamic Penal Code. 21 Article 286 of the Islamic Penal Code. 22 Article 287 of the Islamic Penal Code. 23 FIDH and LDDHI, No One is Spared (n 2) 14-15. 24 Mumisa, Sharia Law and the Death Penalty (n 7) 11. 25 Mumisa, Sharia Law and the Death Penalty (n 7) 25-26; Mehran Tamadonfar, Islamic Law and Governance in Contemporary Iran (Lexington Books 2015). 26 Carolyn Hoyle, ‘Capital punishment at the intersections of discrimination and disadvantage: The plight of foreign nationals’ in Carol Steiker and Jordan Steiker (eds), Comparative Capital Punishment (Edward Elgar 2019) 177. 27 Iran Human Rights Monitor, ‘Iran’s 2021 record: One death penalty carried out every day’ (n 6). 28 FIDH and LDDHI, No One is Spared (n 2) 47. 29 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (adopted 24 April 1963, entered into force 19 March 1967) 596 UNTS 261 art 36. 30 Human Rights Watch, ‘Iran: Detainees Denied Fair Legal Representation’ (24 March 2016) <https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/03/24/iran-detainees-denied-fair-legal-representation> accessed 1 February 2022. 31 Amnesty International, ‘Iran: Proposed Law Restricting Access to lawyer would be crushing blow for justice’ (16 May 2019) <https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/05/iran-proposed-law-restricting-access-to-lawyer-would-becrushing-blow-for-justice/> accessed 1 February 2022; Amnesty International, Flawed Reforms: Iran’s New Code of Criminal Procedure (2016) <https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/flawed_reforms_-_irans_new_code_of_criminal_procedure.pdf> accessed 3 February 2022. 32 Carolyn Hoyle and Lucy Harry, ‘Compounded Vulnerability: Foreign National Women and the Death Penalty in Southeast Asia’ (2020) 40 Amicus Journal 15. 33 Michael Axworthy, Revolutionary Iran (Penguin 2019). 34 UNGA, ‘Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran’ (17 January 2020) UN Doc A/HRC/43/20 <https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/43/20> accessed 3 February 2022, paras 14-16. 35 Janne Christensen, ‘Human Rights and Wrongs in Iran’s Drug Diplomacy with Europe’ (2017) 71 Middle East Journal 403. 36 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), World Drug Report 2010 (2010) <https://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2010/1.2_The_global_heroin_market.pdf> accessed 1 February 2022, 54. 37 ibid 53. 38 UNGA, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions’ (7 August 2015) UN Doc A/70/304 <https://undocs.org/A/70/304> accessed 3 February 2022, para 77; UNGA, ‘Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran’ (4 October 2013) UN Doc A/68/503 <https://undocs.org/A/68/503> accessed 3 February 2022, para 25; Hoyle, ‘Capital punishment at the intersections of discrimination and disadvantage’ (n 26) 182. 39 UNGA, ‘Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran’ (n 38) para 25. 40 Iran Human Rights and Ensemble Contre la Peine de Mort (ECPM), Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran 2020 (2021) <https://www.ecpm.org/wp-content/uploads/Rapport-iran-2021-gb-290321-HD.pdf> accessed 1 February 2022, 86. 41 UNODC, World Drug Report 2010 (n 36) 22. 42 Hoyle, ‘Capital punishment at the intersections of discrimination and disadvantage’ (n 26). 43 ibid. 44 Jocelyn Hutton and Daniel Cullen, ‘Mapping Migrant Workers on Death Row in Saudi Arabia’ (Death Penalty Research Unit, 28 May 2021) <https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-and-subject-groups/death-penalty-researchunit/blog/2021/05/mapping-migrant-workers-death> accessed 1 February 2022. 45 See Hoyle, ‘Capital punishment at the intersections of discrimination and disadvantage’ (n 26) 184, citing Aliverti on the experience of non-English speakers facing trial in the U.K. 46 UNGA, ‘Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran’ (n 34) para 13. 47 Hoyle and Harry (n 32). 48 Ahmed Shaheed and Faraz Sanei, ‘Outlier: Iran and its Use of the Death Penalty Laws’ (n 3) 206. 49 Harriet McCulloch, ‘Migrant Workers, the Death Penalty and Human Trafficking’ (Reprieve, 24 July 2018) <https://reprieve.org/uk/2018/07/24/migrant-workers-the-death-penalty-and-human-trafficking/> accessed 1 February 2021. 50 Jennifer Chacon, ‘Human Trafficking, Immigration Regulation, and Subfederal Criminalization’ (2017) 20 New Criminal Law Review 96, 102. 51 McCulloch (n 49). 52 Zalmay Barakzai, ‘Afghan Children Ensnared in Heroin Trade with Iran’ (Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 10 February 2012) <https://iwpr.net/global-voices/afghan-children-ensnared-heroin-trade-iran> accessed 1 February 2021. 53 Shaheed and Sanei, ‘Outlier: Iran and its Use of the Death Penalty Laws’ (n 3) 199. 12