are punishable by death by stoning: adultery; sodomy; rape; apostasy; blasphemy; insulting Islam. Brunei’s SPCO does not replace civil law, but rather works alongside it. Before a case can proceed in court, it must be decided whether it should be prosecuted under civil or Shari’a law (Amnesty 2019). Indonesian Ambassador visiting the 32 Indonesian citizens in Brunei Prison at the time Foreign Nationals Whilst Brunei administers death sentences infrequently, the two most recent individuals sentenced to death were foreign nationals. In 2015, a Filipino national was sentenced for murder, and 2017 saw a Malaysian national sentenced for drug traf cking. There are currently thought to be over 60,000 foreigners working in Brunei with valid work permits (un-registered workers are thought to substantially increase this gure). Of this 60,000, the most employed foreign workers were Indonesian, Bangladeshi and Filipino nationals (Department of Labour and Employment, Brunei 2021). Of these workers, men most commonly work in the construction sector whilst women frequently take up employment as domestic workers. Whilst most of these foreign workers are attracted to Brunei for its higher wages and better working conditions (seen since 1996, see: Mani 1996), employees still report social problems such as feeling homesick and culture shock, as well as unpaid or underpaid wages and physical abuse from employers (ibid). Although the number of individuals on death row is thought to be under ten, looking to the case of Indonesian prisoners in Brunei Darussalam can give us an indication as to how foreign nationals are criminalised in the country. In 2021, the Indonesian Ambassador visited 32 Indonesian citizens incarcerated in Maraburong Prison and the Women’s Prison in Jerudong. The majority of these individuals were incarcerated for immigration violations, buying and selling prohibited goods, and other criminal cases (Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia 2021). Acknowledgements With special thanks to Francesca Rigg who contributed to this research in Brunei, among others. Death Penalty Research Unit, University of Oxford For more research see: fi fi foreign-nationals.uwazi.io or tinyurl.com/mappingdeathrow